From af7bdaa10ee71a319dc55c3c7556fa43a95c9dc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: chai <chaifix@163.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2019 21:45:33 +0800
Subject: *misc

---
 source/Asura.Editor/controls/binding/_button.cpp   | 100 +++++-----
 source/Asura.Editor/controls/button.cpp            |   4 -
 source/Asura.Editor/controls/button.h              |  99 +++++-----
 source/Asura.Editor/core/shaders.h                 |   9 +
 .../modules/asura-core/graphics/binding/_image.cpp |  26 +--
 source/modules/asura-core/graphics/canvas.cpp      |  34 +++-
 source/modules/asura-core/graphics/canvas.h        |   3 +-
 source/modules/asura-core/graphics/gl.cpp          |  18 +-
 source/modules/asura-core/graphics/gl.h            |  40 ++--
 source/modules/asura-core/graphics/image.cpp       |  54 +++++-
 source/modules/asura-core/graphics/image.h         |  17 +-
 .../modules/asura-core/graphics/matrix_stack.cpp   |  61 +++++++
 source/modules/asura-core/graphics/matrix_stack.h  |  82 +++++++++
 source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader.cpp      | 136 ++++++++++++--
 source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader.h        |  12 +-
 source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader_source.h |  11 +-
 source/modules/asura-core/graphics/texture.cpp     |  14 +-
 .../modules/asura-utils/exceptions/exception.cpp   |   9 +-
 source/modules/asura-utils/exceptions/exception.h  |  14 --
 source/modules/asura-utils/io/binding/_file.cpp    |   2 +-
 .../asura-utils/io/binding/_file_system.cpp        |   4 +-
 source/modules/asura-utils/io/file.cpp             |   8 +-
 source/modules/asura-utils/io/file.h               |  12 +-
 source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_data.h          |   2 +-
 source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_system.cpp      |   8 +-
 source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_system.h        |  10 +-
 source/modules/asura-utils/io/io_task.h            |   2 +-
 source/modules/asura-utils/io/renewable.h          |   8 +-
 source/modules/asura-utils/math/matrix44.cpp       | 203 +++++++++++++++++++++
 source/modules/asura-utils/math/matrix44.h         | 152 ++++++++++++++-
 source/modules/asura-utils/math/rect.hpp           |   2 +-
 source/modules/asura-utils/type.h                  |  13 +-
 source/tests/win32/01-window/03_sub_menu.cpp       |  29 ++-
 33 files changed, 947 insertions(+), 251 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 source/Asura.Editor/core/shaders.h
 create mode 100644 source/modules/asura-core/graphics/matrix_stack.cpp
 create mode 100644 source/modules/asura-core/graphics/matrix_stack.h

(limited to 'source')

diff --git a/source/Asura.Editor/controls/binding/_button.cpp b/source/Asura.Editor/controls/binding/_button.cpp
index fbae64f..9e6a6bb 100644
--- a/source/Asura.Editor/controls/binding/_button.cpp
+++ b/source/Asura.Editor/controls/binding/_button.cpp
@@ -1,60 +1,74 @@
 #include "../button.h"
 
+using namespace std;
 using namespace Luax;
 
-namespace AsuraEditor
+namespace AsuraEditor 
 {
-
-	LUAX_REGISTRY(Button)
+	namespace Controls 
 	{
+		
+		LUAX_REGISTRY(Button)
+		{
+			LUAX_REGISTER_METHODS(state,
+				{ "Connect",    _Connect    },
+				{ "Disconnect", _Disconnect },
+				{ "SetImage",   _SetImage   }
+			);
+		}
 
-		// Button.EStatus.xxx
-		LUAX_REGISTER_ENUM(state, "EStatus",
-			{ "NORMAL",   BUTTON_STATUS_NORMAL },
-			{ "PUSHED",   BUTTON_STATUS_PUSHED },
-			{ "HOVER",    BUTTON_STATUS_HOVER },
-			{ "DISABLED", BUTTON_STATUS_DISABLED },
-			{ "FOCUSED",  BUTTON_STATUS_FOCUSED }
-		);
-
-		// Button.EMsg.xxx
-		LUAX_REGISTER_ENUM(state, "EMessage",
-			{ "CLICK", BUTTON_MSG_CLICK },
-			{ "HOVER", BUTTON_MSG_HOVER },
-			{ "FOCUS", BUTTON_MSG_KILLFOCUS }
-		);
+		LUAX_POSTPROCESS(Button)
+		{
+			LUAX_REGISTER_ENUM(state, "EButtonStatus",
+				{ "NORMAL",       BUTTON_STATUS_NORMAL   },
+				{ "0",            0                      },
+				{ "PUSHED",       BUTTON_STATUS_PUSHED   },
+				{ "1",            1                      },
+				{ "HOVER",        BUTTON_STATUS_HOVER    },
+				{ "2",            2                      },
+				{ "DISABLED",     BUTTON_STATUS_DISABLED },
+				{ "3",            3                      },
+				{ "FOCUSED",      BUTTON_STATUS_FOCUSED  },
+				{ "4",            4                      },
+				{ "STATUS_COUNT", _BUTTON_STATUS_COUNT   },
+				{ "5",            5                      }
+			);
+			LUAX_REGISTER_ENUM(state, "EButtonMessage",
+				{ "CLICK",     BUTTON_MSG_CLICK     },
+				{ "0",         0                    },
+				{ "HOVER",     BUTTON_MSG_HOVER     },
+				{ "1",         1                    },
+				{ "KILLFOCUS", BUTTON_MSG_KILLFOCUS },
+				{ "2",         2                    },
+				{ "MSG_COUNT", _BUTTON_MSG_COUNT    },
+				{ "3",         3                    }
+			);
 
-	}
+		}
 
-	LUAX_POSTPROCESS(Button)
-	{
+		// button:Connect()
+		LUAX_IMPL_METHOD(Button, _Connect)
+		{
+			LUAX_PREPARE(L, Button);
 
-	}
+			return 0;
+		}
 
-	// button:Connect(msg, callback)
-	LUAX_IMPL_METHOD(Button, _Connect)
-	{
-		LUAX_STATE(L);
+		// button:Disconnect()
+		LUAX_IMPL_METHOD(Button, _Disconnect)
+		{
+			LUAX_PREPARE(L, Button);
 
-		Button* self = state.GetUserdata<Button>(1);
-		int msg = state.CheckValue<int>(2);
-		if (!lua_isfunction(L, 3))
-			return state.ErrorType(3, "callback");
+			return 0;
+		}
 
-		LuaxMemberRef ref;
-		self->SetLuaxMemberRef(state, ref, 3);
-		if (ref)
+		// button:SetImage()
+		LUAX_IMPL_METHOD(Button, _SetImage)
 		{
-			self->mCallbacksRef.push_back(ref);
-			Slot slot = Slot(state, (*self), ref.refID);
-			self->Connect(msg, slot);
-		}
-	}
+			LUAX_PREPARE(L, Button);
 
-	// button:SetImage(image)
-	LUAX_IMPL_METHOD(Button, _SetImage)
-	{
+			return 0;
+		}
 
 	}
-
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/source/Asura.Editor/controls/button.cpp b/source/Asura.Editor/controls/button.cpp
index 97de284..9910df4 100644
--- a/source/Asura.Editor/controls/button.cpp
+++ b/source/Asura.Editor/controls/button.cpp
@@ -3,8 +3,4 @@
 namespace AsuraEditor
 {
 
-	Button::Button()
-	{
-	}
-
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/source/Asura.Editor/controls/button.h b/source/Asura.Editor/controls/button.h
index 3f07c1c..656d7d8 100644
--- a/source/Asura.Editor/controls/button.h
+++ b/source/Asura.Editor/controls/button.h
@@ -11,69 +11,72 @@
 
 namespace AsuraEditor
 {
-
-	enum ButtonStatus
-	{
-		BUTTON_STATUS_NORMAL   = 0,
-		BUTTON_STATUS_PUSHED   = 1,
-		BUTTON_STATUS_HOVER    = 2,
-		BUTTON_STATUS_DISABLED = 3,
-		BUTTON_STATUS_FOCUSED  = 4,
-		_BUTTON_STATUS_COUNT   = 5,
-	};
-
-	enum ButtonMessage
-	{
-		BUTTON_MSG_CLICK     = 0,
-		BUTTON_MSG_HOVER     = 1, 
-		BUTTON_MSG_KILLFOCUS = 2,
-		_BUTTON_MSG_COUNT    = 3,
-	};
-
-	class Button 
-		: public Widget
-		, public AEScripting::Portable<Button>
+	namespace Controls
 	{
-	public: 
 
-		LUAX_DECL_FACTORY(Button);
+		enum ButtonStatus
+		{
+			BUTTON_STATUS_NORMAL = 0,
+			BUTTON_STATUS_PUSHED = 1,
+			BUTTON_STATUS_HOVER = 2,
+			BUTTON_STATUS_DISABLED = 3,
+			BUTTON_STATUS_FOCUSED = 4,
+			_BUTTON_STATUS_COUNT = 5,
+		};
+
+		enum ButtonMessage
+		{
+			BUTTON_MSG_CLICK = 0,
+			BUTTON_MSG_HOVER = 1,
+			BUTTON_MSG_KILLFOCUS = 2,
+			_BUTTON_MSG_COUNT = 3,
+		};
+
+		class Button
+			: public Widget
+			, public AEScripting::Portable<Button>
+		{
+		public:
+
+			LUAX_DECL_FACTORY(Button);
 
-		Button();
-		~Button();
+			Button();
+			~Button();
 
-		void OnEvent(AEInput::Event& e) override;
-		void OnPaint() override;
+			void OnEvent(AEInput::Event& e) override;
+			void OnPaint() override;
 
-		void Connect(int msg, Slot callback);
-		void Disconnect(int msg);
-		void DisconnectAll(int msg);
-		void DisconnectAllMsg();
+			void Connect(int msg, Slot callback);
+			void Disconnect(int msg);
+			void DisconnectAll(int msg);
+			void DisconnectAllMsg();
 
-		int GetStatus();
-		void SetImage(int status, AEGraphics::Image* image);
+			int GetStatus();
+			void SetImage(int status, AEGraphics::Image* image);
 
-	private:
+		private:
 
-		//------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
+			//------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 
-		LUAX_DECL_ENUM(ButtonStatus);
-		LUAX_DECL_ENUM(ButtonMessage);
+			LUAX_DECL_ENUM(ButtonStatus, 1);
+			LUAX_DECL_ENUM(ButtonMessage, 1);
 
-		LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_Connect);
-		LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_Disconnect);
-		LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_SetImage);
+			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_Connect);
+			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_Disconnect);
+			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_SetImage);
 
-		//------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
+			//------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 
-		int                              mStatus;                        // 当前状态
-		Signal                           mSignals[_BUTTON_MSG_COUNT];    // 3个消息的signal
-		AEGraphics::Image*               mImage[_BUTTON_STATUS_COUNT];   // 5种状态的贴图
+			int                              mStatus;                        // 当前状态
+			Signal                           mSignals[_BUTTON_MSG_COUNT];    // 3个消息的signal
+			AEGraphics::Image*               mImage[_BUTTON_STATUS_COUNT];   // 5种状态的贴图
 
-		Luax::LuaxMemberRef              mImageRef[_BUTTON_STATUS_COUNT];// 贴图的引用
-		std::vector<Luax::LuaxMemberRef> mCallbacksRef;                  // 回调函数的引用
+			Luax::LuaxMemberRef              mImageRef[_BUTTON_STATUS_COUNT];// 贴图的引用
+			std::vector<Luax::LuaxMemberRef> mCallbacksRef;                  // 回调函数的引用
 
-	};
+		};
 
+	}
 }
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/source/Asura.Editor/core/shaders.h b/source/Asura.Editor/core/shaders.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f4b406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/source/Asura.Editor/core/shaders.h
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#ifndef __ASURA_EDITOR_SHADERS_H__
+#define __ASURA_EDITOR_SHADERS_H__
+
+namespace AsuraEditor
+{
+	
+}
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/binding/_image.cpp b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/binding/_image.cpp
index 407ada7..913bf5c 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/binding/_image.cpp
+++ b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/binding/_image.cpp
@@ -13,11 +13,10 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 
 			LUAX_REGISTER_METHODS(state,
 				{ "New",       _New       },
-				{ "Refresh",   _Refresh   },
+				{ "Renew",     _Renew     },
 				{ "GetWidth",  _GetWidth  },
 				{ "GetHeight", _GetHeight },
 				{ "GetSize",   _GetSize   },
-				{ "GetPixel",  _GetPixel  },
 				{ "Render",    _Render    }
 			);
 		}
@@ -35,15 +34,12 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			return 1;
 		}
 
-		// successed = image:Refresh(imgData)
-		LUAX_IMPL_METHOD(Image, _Refresh)
+		// successed = image:Renew(imgData)
+		LUAX_IMPL_METHOD(Image, _Renew)
 		{
 			LUAX_PREPARE(L, Image);
 			ImageData* imgData = state.CheckUserdata<ImageData>(2);
-			bool successed = self->Refresh(imgData);
-			if (successed)
-				self->SetLuaxMemberRef(state, self->mImageDataRef, 2);
-			state.Push(successed);
+			state.Push(self->Renew(imgData));
 			return 1;
 		}
 
@@ -74,20 +70,6 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			return 2;
 		}
 
-		// color32 = image:GetPixel(x, y)
-		LUAX_IMPL_METHOD(Image, _GetPixel)
-		{
-			LUAX_PREPARE(L, Image);
-
-			uint x, y;
-			x = state.CheckValue<uint>(2);
-			y = state.CheckValue<uint>(3);
-			Color32* c32 = new Color32();
-			c32->Set(self->GetPixel(x, y));
-			c32->PushLuaxUserdata(state);
-			return 1;
-		}
-
 		// image:Render()
 		LUAX_IMPL_METHOD(Image, _Render)
 		{
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/canvas.cpp b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/canvas.cpp
index 89be45c..0543461 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/canvas.cpp
+++ b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/canvas.cpp
@@ -8,21 +8,41 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 		Canvas::Canvas()
 			: mWidth(0)
 			, mHeight(0)
+			, mFBO(0)
 		{
-			glGenFramebuffers(1, &mFBO);
-			GLint current_fbo;
-			glGetIntegerv(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING, &current_fbo);
-			glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, mFBO);
-			glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTex, 0);
-			glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, current_fbo);
+			// Fix: 等设置大小初始化时再申请framebuffer资源。
+			//glGenFramebuffers(1, &mFBO);
+			//GLint current_fbo;
+			//glGetIntegerv(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING, &current_fbo);
+			//glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, mFBO);
+			//glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTex, 0);
+			//glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, current_fbo);
 		}
 
 		void Canvas::SetSize(uint w, uint h)
 		{
+			if (mFBO == 0)
+			{
+				glGenFramebuffers(1, &mFBO);
+				if (mFBO == 0)
+					throw Exception("OpenGL glGenFramebuffers cannot generate frame buffer object.");
+				// 申请纹理
+				if (mTex == 0)
+				{
+					glGenTextures(1, &mTex);
+					if (mTex == 0)
+						throw Exception("OpenGL glGenTextures cannot generate texture.");
+				}
+				GLint current_fbo;
+				glGetIntegerv(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING, &current_fbo);
+				glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, mFBO);
+				glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTex, 0);
+				glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, current_fbo);
+			}
 			GLint current_tex; 
 			glGetIntegerv(GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_2D, &current_tex);
 			glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTex);
-
+			glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA8, w, h, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
 			glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, current_tex);
 		}
 
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/canvas.h b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/canvas.h
index f0b71e2..6af81d7 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/canvas.h
+++ b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/canvas.h
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <asura-utils/scripting/portable.hpp>
 #include <asura-utils/math/rect.hpp>
 #include <asura-utils/math/vector2.hpp>
+#include <asura-utils/exceptions/exception.h>
 
 #include "gl.h"
 #include "texture.h"
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			///
 			/// 设置render texture的大小
 			///
-			void SetSize(uint w, uint h);
+			void SetSize(uint w, uint h) asura_throw(Exception);
 
 			void Clear(const Color& col = Color::Black) override;
 
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/gl.cpp b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/gl.cpp
index 9ffe010..e199a41 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/gl.cpp
+++ b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/gl.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 #include <asura-utils/type.h>
 
 #include "../core_config.h"
+
 #include "gl.h"
+#include "shader.h"
 
 using namespace AEMath;
 
@@ -10,15 +12,16 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 	namespace Graphics
 	{
 
-		bool OpenGL::instantiated = false;
+		static bool _instantiated = false;
 
 		// 单例
 		OpenGL gl;
 
 		OpenGL::OpenGL()
 		{
-			ASSERT(!instantiated);
-			instantiated = true;
+			// 不要创建第二个实例
+			ASSERT(!_instantiated);
+			_instantiated = true;
 		}
 
 		OpenGL::~OpenGL()
@@ -38,7 +41,16 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			return state.viewport;
 		}
 
+		void OpenGL::UseShader(Shader* shader)
+		{
+			glUseProgram(shader->GetGLProgramHandle());
+			state.shader = shader;
+		}
 
+		void OpenGL::UnuseShader()
+		{
+			state.shader = nullptr;
+		}
 
 	}
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/gl.h b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/gl.h
index 4d21a5a..9ca1f44 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/gl.h
+++ b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/gl.h
@@ -1,21 +1,28 @@
 #ifndef __ASURA_ENGINE_OPENGL_H__
 #define __ASURA_ENGINE_OPENGL_H__
 
-#include <asura-utils/math/rect.hpp>
+#include <stack>
 
 #include <glad/glad.h>
 
+#include <asura-utils/math/rect.hpp>
+#include <asura-utils/math/matrix44.h>
+
+#include "matrix_stack.h"
+
 namespace AsuraEngine
 {
 	namespace Graphics
 	{
 
 		class Profiler;
+		class Shader;
 
 		///
-		/// 用来做一些opengl状态的追踪。在编辑器多窗口环境下，一个窗口对应一个hwnd，一个hdc，以及
-		/// 数个opengl context，如果使用wglMakeCurrent(hdc, glc)指定当前线程耳朵渲染窗口hdc和
-		/// opengl上下文glc，gl中记录的就是任意一个线程的任意一个窗口的任意一个opengl上下文的状态，
+		/// OpenGL上下文，用来做一些opengl状态的追踪。在编辑器多窗口环境下，一个窗口对应一个hwnd，
+		/// 一个hdc，以及数个opengl context，如果使用wglMakeCurrent(hdc, glc)指定当前线程耳朵
+		/// 渲染窗口hdc和opengl上下文glc，gl中记录的就是任意一个线程的任意一个窗口的任意一个OpenGL
+		/// 上下文的状态，
 		///
 		class OpenGL
 		{
@@ -26,23 +33,28 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			void SetViewport(const AEMath::Recti viewport);
 			AEMath::Recti GetViewport();
 
-		private:
-
-			friend class Profiler;
+			void UseShader(Shader* shader);
+			void UnuseShader();
 
-			///
-			/// 控制opengl单例。
 			/// 
-			static bool instantiated;
-
-			///
-			/// 记录opengl状态。
+			/// OpenGL3.0以后由用户管理矩阵变换、视口、shader等参数，这里保存一些OpenGL状态。注意
+			/// 似乎全进程的，也就是说，Asura不支持多线程渲染。OpenGL上下文的创建使得一个上下
+			/// 文绑定在一个HDC\窗口上，由于窗口是在特定线程创建的，所以OpenGL上下文也绑定了一个
+			/// 特定的线程。同一个线程的不同HDC\窗口可以共享同一个OpenGL上下文。共享上下文是为了
+			/// 共享上下文中创建的textuer\shader等handle。
 			/// 
 			struct
 			{
-				AEMath::Recti viewport;
+				Shader*       shader;           ///< 当前使用的shader
+				AEMath::Recti viewport;         ///< 当前的视区，在切换HDC或者本窗口大小改变或者部分刷新时变动
+				MatrixStack   projectionMatrix; ///< 投影矩阵 
+				MatrixStack   modelViewMatrix;  ///< 变换矩阵
 			} state;
 
+		private:
+
+			friend class Profiler;
+
 		};
 
 		///
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/image.cpp b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/image.cpp
index 2b274c2..530ea97 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/image.cpp
+++ b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/image.cpp
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#include <asura-utils/exceptions/exception.h>
+
 #include "../core_config.h"
 
 #include "image.h"
@@ -18,12 +20,19 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 		{
 		}
 
-		bool Image::Refresh(DecodedData* data)
+		bool Image::Renew(DecodedData* data)
 		{
-			ASSERT(data);
-
+			if (!data) return false; 
 			ImageData* imgData = static_cast<ImageData*>(data);
-			ASSERT(imgData);
+			if (!imgData) return false;
+
+			// 如果没有纹理资源，申请一个
+			if (mTex == 0)
+			{
+				glGenTextures(1, &mTex);
+				if (mTex == 0)
+					throw Exception("OpenGL glGenTextures failed.");
+			}
 
 			glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTex);
 			imgData->Lock();
@@ -40,8 +49,43 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 				, tf.type
 				, imgData->pixels
 			);
-			mImageData = imgData;
+			mWidth = imgData->width; 
+			mHeight = imgData->height;
+			imgData->Unlock();
+			GLenum err = glGetError(); 
+			if (err != GL_NO_ERROR)
+				throw Exception("OpenGL glTexImage2D cause error, error code=%d", err);
+			glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		bool Image::Renew(AEIO::DecodedData* data, const AEMath::Vector2i& pos)
+		{
+			if (!data) return false;
+			ImageData* imgData = static_cast<ImageData*>(data);
+			if (!imgData) return false;
+
+			glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTex);
+			imgData->Lock();
+			int width = imgData->width;
+			int height = imgData->height;
+			TextureFormat tf = ConvertColorFormat(imgData->format);
+			glTexSubImage2D(
+				GL_TEXTURE_2D
+				, 0
+				, pos.x
+				, pos.y
+				, imgData->width
+				, imgData->height
+				, tf.externalformat
+				, tf.type
+				, imgData->pixels
+			);
 			imgData->Unlock();
+			GLenum err = glGetError();
+			if (err != GL_NO_ERROR)
+				throw Exception("OpenGL glTexSubImage2D cause error, error code=%d", err);
 			glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
 
 			return true;
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/image.h b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/image.h
index 7795c08..d60bd24 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/image.h
+++ b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/image.h
@@ -44,12 +44,11 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			/// 将解析后的图像数据提交到GPU，更新像素信息。用来重新构建image，使用glTexImage2D重
 			/// 新提交image的像素数据。
 			///
-			bool Refresh(AEIO::DecodedData* decodeData) override;
-			bool Refresh(AEIO::DecodedData* decodeData, const AEMath::Recti& rect);
+			bool Renew(AEIO::DecodedData* decodeData) override;
+			bool Renew(AEIO::DecodedData* decodeData, const AEMath::Vector2i& pos);
 
-			uint    GetWidth();
-			uint    GetHeight();
-			Color32 GetPixel(uint x, uint y);
+			uint GetWidth();
+			uint GetHeight();
 
 			void Render(const RenderTarget* rt, const RenderState& state) override {};
 			void Render(const RenderTarget* rt, const Math::Rectf& quad, const RenderState& state) override {};
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 
 			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_New);
-			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_Refresh);
+			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_Renew);
 			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_GetWidth);
 			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_GetHeight);
 			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_GetSize);
@@ -68,11 +67,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 
 			//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 
-			///
-			/// 一张图片保存一个像素数据的引用。
-			///
-			ImageData*          mImageData;
-			Luax::LuaxMemberRef mImageDataRef;
+			uint32 mWidth, mHeight;
 
 		};
 
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/matrix_stack.cpp b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/matrix_stack.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72ffb7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/matrix_stack.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#include "matrix_stack.h"
+
+namespace AsuraEngine
+{
+	namespace Graphics
+	{
+
+		MatrixStack::MatrixStack()
+			: top(0)
+		{
+			// 栈的最下面初始就是栈顶，并用此保证栈永远非空（即可以取值）
+			mStack[top].SetIdentity();
+		}
+
+		MatrixStack::~MatrixStack()
+		{
+		}
+
+		void MatrixStack::LoadIdentity()
+		{
+			mStack[top].SetIdentity();
+		}
+
+		bool MatrixStack::Push()
+		{
+			if (top == ASURA_MAX_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH - 1)
+				return false;
+			++top; 
+			mStack[top] = mStack[top - 1];
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		bool MatrixStack::Pop()
+		{
+			if (top == 0)
+				return false;
+			--top; 
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		AEMath::Matrix44& MatrixStack::GetTop()
+		{
+			return mStack[top];
+		}
+
+		uint MatrixStack::GetTopIndex()
+		{
+			return top; 
+		}
+
+		uint MatrixStack::GetCapacity()
+		{
+			return ASURA_MAX_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH;
+		}
+
+		void MatrixStack::Ortho(float left, float right, float bottom, float top, float near, float far)
+		{
+		}
+
+	}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/matrix_stack.h b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/matrix_stack.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1923b30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/matrix_stack.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#ifndef __ASURA_MATRIX_STACK_H__
+#define __ASURA_MATRIX_STACK_H__
+
+#include <asura-utils/type.h>
+#include <asura-utils/math/matrix44.h>
+
+namespace AsuraEngine
+{
+	namespace Graphics
+	{
+
+		///
+		/// 栈的矩阵深度。
+		///
+#define ASURA_MAX_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH 32 // 2KB
+
+		///
+		/// 保存栈状态，用来恢复之前的状态。栈中的一个矩阵stack[i]的值是stack[0]*..*stack[i-1]
+		/// 的值，并附加一系列transform。
+		/// 
+		/// TODO: template<uint _capacity> MatrixStack
+		///
+		class MatrixStack
+		{
+		public:
+
+			MatrixStack();
+			~MatrixStack();
+
+			///
+			/// 对栈顶元素的操作只能通过以下函数实现
+			///
+			void LoadIdentity();
+			bool Push();
+			bool Pop();
+
+			AEMath::Matrix44& GetTop();
+			void GetTop(asura_out AEMath::Matrix44& mat44);
+
+			void LoadMatrix(const AEMath::Matrix44& mat44);
+			void MultMatrix(const AEMath::Matrix44& mat44);
+
+			///
+			/// 仿射变换
+			///
+			void Rotate(float angle, float x, float y, float z);
+			void Translate(float x, float y, float z);
+			void Scale(float x, float y, float z);
+
+			///
+			/// 投影变换
+			///
+			void Ortho(float left, float right, float bottom, float top, float near, float far);
+			//void Perspective(float fov, float aspect, float near, float far);
+			//void Frustum(float left, float right, float top, float bottom, float near, float far);
+			//void LookAt(float x, float y, float z, float cx, float cy, float cz, float ux, float uy, float uz);
+
+			///
+			/// 获得栈顶的索引，范围在0~ASURA_MAX_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH-1
+			///
+			uint GetTopIndex();
+
+			///
+			/// 获得最大栈容量，即ASURA_MAX_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH
+			///
+			uint GetCapacity();
+
+		private: 
+
+			AEMath::Matrix44 mStack[ASURA_MAX_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH];
+
+			///
+			/// 栈顶索引，0~ASURA_MAX_MATRIX_STACK_DEPTH-1
+			///
+			uint8 top;
+
+		};
+
+	}
+}
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader.cpp b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader.cpp
index f33fd1a..a4738cd 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader.cpp
+++ b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-#include "Shader.h"
+#include <asura-utils/exceptions/exception.h>
+
+#include "shader_source.h"
+#include "shader.h"
+
+using namespace std;
 
 namespace AsuraEngine
 {
@@ -7,17 +12,76 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 
 		Shader::Shader()
 		{
-
+			mProgram = glCreateProgram();
+			if (mProgram == 0)
+				throw Exception("Cannot create OpenGL shader program.");
+
+			mVertShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+			if (mVertShader == 0)
+			{
+				glDeleteProgram(mProgram);
+				throw Exception("Cannot create OpenGL vertex shader.");
+			}
+
+			mFragShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
+			if (mFragShader == 0)
+			{
+				glDeleteProgram(mProgram);
+				glDeleteShader(mVertShader);
+				throw Exception("Cannot create OpenGL fragment shader.");
+			}
 		}
 
 		Shader::~Shader()
 		{
-
+			glDeleteShader(mVertShader);
+			glDeleteShader(mFragShader);
+			glDeleteProgram(mProgram);
 		}
 
-		bool Shader::Refresh(AEIO::DecodedData* db)
+		bool Shader::Renew(AEIO::DecodedData* db)
 		{
-			return false; 
+			if (!db) return false; 
+			ShaderSouce* shaderSource = static_cast<ShaderSouce*>(db); 
+			if (!shaderSource) return false; 
+
+			GLenum err = GL_NO_ERROR; 
+			const GLchar* source;
+			GLint success;
+			string warnning = "";
+
+			// Compile vertex shader.
+			source = shaderSource->mVert.c_str();
+			glShaderSource(mVertShader, 1, &source, NULL);
+			glCompileShader(mVertShader);
+			glGetShaderiv(mVertShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
+			if (success == GL_FALSE)
+			{
+				warnning = GetShaderWarnings(mVertShader);
+				throw Exception("Compile vertex shader failed:\n%s", warnning.c_str());
+			}
+
+			// Compile fragment shader. 
+			source = shaderSource->mFrag.c_str();
+			glShaderSource(mFragShader, 1, &source, NULL);
+			glCompileShader(mFragShader);
+			glGetShaderiv(mFragShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
+			if (success == GL_FALSE)
+			{
+				warnning = GetShaderWarnings(mFragShader);
+				throw Exception("Compile fragment shader failed:\n%s", warnning.c_str());
+			}
+
+			// Link program. 
+			glAttachShader(mProgram, mVertShader);
+			glAttachShader(mProgram, mFragShader);
+			glLinkProgram(mProgram);
+			glGetProgramiv(mProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
+			if (success == GL_FALSE)
+			{
+				warnning = GetProgramWarnings();
+				throw Exception("Link shader program failed:\n%s", warnning.c_str());
+			}
 		}
 
 		uint Shader::GetUniformLocation(const std::string& uniform)
@@ -32,37 +96,45 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 
 		void Shader::Use()
 		{
-
+			if (mProgram != 0)
+			{
+				gl.UseShader(this);
+			}
 		}
 
 		void Shader::Unuse()
 		{
-
+			gl.UnuseShader();
 		}
 
 		void Shader::SetUniformFloat(uint loc, float value)
 		{
-
+			if(gl.state.shader == this)
+				glUniform1f(loc, value);
 		}
 
 		void Shader::SetUniformTexture(uint loc, const Texture& texture)
 		{
-
+			if (gl.state.shader == this)
+				glUniform1i(loc, texture.GetGLTextureHandle());
 		}
 
 		void Shader::SetUniformVector2(uint loc, const Math::Vector2f& vec2)
 		{
-
+			if (gl.state.shader == this)
+				glUniform2f(loc, vec2.x, vec2.y);
 		}
 
 		void Shader::SetUniformVector3(uint loc, const Math::Vector3f& vec3)
 		{
-
+			if (gl.state.shader == this)
+				glUniform3f(loc, vec3.x, vec3.y, vec3.z);
 		}
 
 		void Shader::SetUniformVector4(uint loc, const Math::Vector4f& vec4)
 		{
-
+			if (gl.state.shader == this)
+				glUniform4f(loc, vec4.x, vec4.y, vec4.z, vec4.w);
 		}
 
 		uint Shader::GetGLTextureUnitCount()
@@ -72,5 +144,45 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			return (uint)maxTextureUnits;
 		}
 
+		std::string Shader::GetProgramWarnings()
+		{
+			GLint strsize, nullpos;
+			glGetProgramiv(mProgram, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &strsize);
+
+			if (strsize == 0)
+				return "";
+
+			char *tempstr = new char[strsize];
+
+			memset(tempstr, '\0', strsize);
+			glGetProgramInfoLog(mProgram, strsize, &nullpos, tempstr);
+			tempstr[nullpos] = '\0';
+
+			std::string warnings(tempstr);
+			delete[] tempstr;
+
+			return warnings;
+		}
+
+		std::string Shader::GetShaderWarnings(GLuint shader)
+		{
+			GLint strsize, nullpos;
+			glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &strsize);
+
+			if (strsize == 0)
+				return "";
+
+			char *tempstr = new char[strsize];
+
+			memset(tempstr, '\0', strsize);
+			glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, strsize, &nullpos, tempstr);
+			tempstr[nullpos] = '\0';
+
+			std::string warnings(tempstr);
+			delete[] tempstr;
+
+			return warnings;
+		}
+
 	}
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader.h b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader.h
index ae24548..9077599 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader.h
+++ b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader.h
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <map>
 #include <string>
 
+#include <asura-utils/exceptions/exception.h>
 #include <asura-utils/scripting/portable.hpp>
 #include <asura-utils/io/renewable.h>
 #include <asura-utils/math/vector2.hpp>
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 
 			LUAX_DECL_FACTORY(Shader);
 
-			Shader();
+			Shader() asura_throw(Exception);
 
 			~Shader();
 
@@ -44,8 +45,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			/// 从代码编译shader，编译时会先检测是否有上次缓存的uniforms location map。使用
 			/// glAttachShader重新编译生成着色器，不会重新申请着色器程序。
 			///
-			//bool Load(const std::string& vertexShader, const std::string& fragmentShader);
-			bool Refresh(AEIO::DecodedData* decodeData) override;
+			bool Renew(AEIO::DecodedData* decodeData) override;
 
 			///
 			/// 将当期shader设置为活动
@@ -98,6 +98,8 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			/// OpenGL shader program handle.
 			/// 
 			GLuint mProgram;
+			GLuint mVertShader;
+			GLuint mFragShader;
 
 			Luax::LuaxMemberRef mCodeRef;
 
@@ -109,6 +111,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_Use);
 			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_Unuse);
 			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_Load);
+			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_Renew);
 			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_HasUniform);
 			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_GetUniformLocation);
 			LUAX_DECL_METHOD(_SetBuiltInUniforms);
@@ -121,6 +124,9 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 
 			//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
 
+			std::string GetProgramWarnings();
+			std::string GetShaderWarnings(GLuint shader);
+
 		};
 
 	}
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader_source.h b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader_source.h
index b3e815c..eedbe53 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader_source.h
+++ b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/shader_source.h
@@ -10,15 +10,24 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 	namespace Graphics
 	{
 
+		class Shader;
+
 		///
 		/// Asura Engine使用的shader源代码，基于GLSL。
 		///
 		class ShaderSouce : public AEIO::DecodedData
 		{
 		public:
-			void Decode(AEIO::DataBuffer& buffer) override;
+
+			void Decode(AEIO::DataBuffer& vert, AEIO::DataBuffer& frag);
+			void Load(const std::string& vert, const std::string& frag);
 
 		private:
+
+			friend class Shader;
+
+			void Decode(AEIO::DataBuffer& buffer) override;
+
 			std::string mVert;
 			std::string mFrag;
 
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/texture.cpp b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/texture.cpp
index 4db6ad3..38a75d7 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/texture.cpp
+++ b/source/modules/asura-core/graphics/texture.cpp
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#include <asura-utils/exceptions/exception.h>
+
 #include "Texture.h"
 
 namespace AsuraEngine
@@ -8,13 +10,17 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 		Texture::Texture()
 			: mTex(0)
 		{
-			// 申请GL texture
-			glGenTextures(1, &mTex);
+			// Fix: 等需要的时候再申请纹理资源
+			//glGenTextures(1, &mTex);
+			//if(mTex == 0)
+			//	throw Exception("Cannot create texture.");
 		}
 
 		Texture::~Texture()
 		{
-			glDeleteTextures(1, &mTex);
+			// 释放纹理资源
+			if(mTex != 0)
+				glDeleteTextures(1, &mTex);
 		}
 
 		GLuint Texture::GetGLTextureHandle() const
@@ -37,6 +43,8 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 				t.externalformat = GL_RGBA;
 				t.type = GL_FLOAT;
 				break;
+			default: 
+				ASSERT(false); // cant reach here
 			}
 			return t;
 		}
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/exceptions/exception.cpp b/source/modules/asura-utils/exceptions/exception.cpp
index dbb36ca..5240c49 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/exceptions/exception.cpp
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/exceptions/exception.cpp
@@ -20,17 +20,10 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			size_out = vsnprintf(buffer, size_buffer, fmt, args);
 			va_end(args);
 
-			// see http://perfec.to/vsnprintf/pasprintf.c
-			// if size_out ...
-			//      == -1             --> output was truncated
-			//      == size_buffer    --> output was truncated
-			//      == size_buffer-1  --> ambiguous, /may/ have been truncated
-			//       > size_buffer    --> output was truncated, and size_out
-			//                            bytes would have been written
 			if (size_out == size_buffer || size_out == -1 || size_out == size_buffer - 1)
 				size_buffer *= 2;
 			else if (size_out > size_buffer)
-				size_buffer = size_out + 2; // to avoid the ambiguous case
+				size_buffer = size_out + 2;
 			else
 				break;
 
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/exceptions/exception.h b/source/modules/asura-utils/exceptions/exception.h
index 57c9ed6..9873a38 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/exceptions/exception.h
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/exceptions/exception.h
@@ -7,27 +7,13 @@
 namespace AsuraEngine
 {
 	
-	/**
-	* A convenient vararg-enabled exception class.
-	**/
 	class Exception : public std::exception
 	{
 	public:
 
-		/**
-		* Creates a new Exception according to printf-rules.
-		*
-		* See: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/clibrary/cstdio/printf/
-		*
-		* @param fmt The format string (see printf).
-		**/
 		Exception(const char *fmt, ...);
 		virtual ~Exception() throw();
 
-		/**
-		* Returns a string containing reason for the exception.
-		* @return A description of the exception.
-		**/
 		inline virtual const char *what() const throw()
 		{
 			return message.c_str();
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/binding/_file.cpp b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/binding/_file.cpp
index c44bc90..2de7882 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/binding/_file.cpp
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/binding/_file.cpp
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			LUAX_PREPARE(L, File);
 
 			size_t size = 0; 
-			BufferMode mode = self->GetBuffer(ASURA_OUT size); 
+			BufferMode mode = self->GetBuffer(asura_out size); 
 			state.Push((int)size);
 			state.Push((int)mode);
 			return 2;
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/binding/_file_system.cpp b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/binding/_file_system.cpp
index 3843451..2efc4f6 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/binding/_file_system.cpp
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/binding/_file_system.cpp
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 
 			cc8* path = state.CheckValue<cc8*>(1);
 			std::string mp;
-			if (fs->GetMountPoint(path, ASURA_OUT mp))
+			if (fs->GetMountPoint(path, asura_out mp))
 				state.Push(mp);
 			else
 				state.PushNil();
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 
 			cc8* path = state.CheckValue<cc8*>(1);
 			std::vector<std::string> items;
-			if(fs->GetDirectoryItems(path, ASURA_OUT items))
+			if(fs->GetDirectoryItems(path, asura_out items))
 			{
 				lua_newtable(L); // item list 
 				for (int i = 0; i < items.size(); ++i)
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file.cpp b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file.cpp
index 9e89c85..690f405 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file.cpp
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file.cpp
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			return PHYSFS_fileLength(mFileHandle);
 		}
 
-		size_t File::Read(ASURA_OUT DataBuffer* dst, size_t length)
+		size_t File::Read(asura_out DataBuffer* dst, size_t length)
 		{
 			ASSERT(dst);
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			return size;
 		}
 
-		size_t File::ReadAll(ASURA_OUT DataBuffer* dst)
+		size_t File::ReadAll(asura_out DataBuffer* dst)
 		{
 			ASSERT(dst);
 
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			return mFileHandle != nullptr && PHYSFS_seek(mFileHandle, pos) != 0;
 		}
 
-		bool File::Write(ASURA_REF DataBuffer* src)
+		bool File::Write(asura_ref DataBuffer* src)
 		{
 			if (!mFileHandle || (mMode != FILE_MODE_APPEND && mMode != FILE_MODE_WRITE))
 				throw Exception("File is not opened for writing.");
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			return true;
 		}
 
-		File::BufferMode File::GetBuffer(ASURA_OUT size_t& size) 
+		File::BufferMode File::GetBuffer(asura_out size_t& size) 
 		{
 			size = mBufferSize; 
 			return mBufferMode; 
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file.h b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file.h
index 56077e0..9af8919 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file.h
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file.h
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			///
 			/// 读取到data buffer里，并返回读入的内容
 			///
-			size_t Read(ASURA_OUT DataBuffer* dst, size_t length);
-			size_t ReadAll(ASURA_OUT DataBuffer* dst);
-			size_t ReadAsync(ASURA_OUT DataBuffer* dst);
+			size_t Read(asura_out DataBuffer* dst, size_t length);
+			size_t ReadAll(asura_out DataBuffer* dst);
+			size_t ReadAsync(asura_out DataBuffer* dst);
 
 			///
 			/// 是否读到了文件结尾
@@ -69,12 +69,12 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			///
 			/// 将data buffer中的内容写入，并返回是否成功
 			///
-			bool Write(ASURA_REF DataBuffer* src);
+			bool Write(asura_ref DataBuffer* src);
 
 			///
 			/// 异步写文件，将写文件task加入thread的队列。
 			///
-			bool WriteAsync(ASURA_REF DataBuffer* src, AEThreading::Thread* thread);
+			bool WriteAsync(asura_ref DataBuffer* src, AEThreading::Thread* thread);
 
 			///
 			/// 如果开启了缓冲，强制清空缓冲区，写入文件。
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			///
 			/// 获取缓冲区大小和模式
 			///
-			BufferMode GetBuffer(ASURA_OUT size_t& size);
+			BufferMode GetBuffer(asura_out size_t& size);
 
 			const std::string& GetFileName();
 			const std::string& GetName();
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_data.h b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_data.h
index cd69477..f5a6085 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_data.h
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_data.h
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			///
 			/// Data buffer不会再filedata析构时销毁，当lua引用计数为0时由lua调用GC销毁。创建mData时会添加一个成员引用。
 			///
-			ASURA_REF DataBuffer* mData;
+			asura_ref DataBuffer* mData;
 			Luax::LuaxMemberRef   mDataRef;
 
 			std::string mFileName;  ///< 包含扩展名的文件名
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_system.cpp b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_system.cpp
index 20f3cb2..30e7861 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_system.cpp
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_system.cpp
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			}
 		}
 
-		bool Filesystem::GetMountPoint(const std::string& locpath, ASURA_OUT std::string& mountpoint)
+		bool Filesystem::GetMountPoint(const std::string& locpath, asura_out std::string& mountpoint)
 		{
 			if (!mInited)
 				return false;
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			return true;
 		}
 
-		bool Filesystem::Write(const std::string& name, ASURA_REF DataBuffer* buffer)
+		bool Filesystem::Write(const std::string& name, asura_ref DataBuffer* buffer)
 		{
 			File file(name);
 			file.Open(File::FILE_MODE_WRITE);
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 				throw Exception("Data could not be written.");
 		}
 
-		bool Filesystem::Append(const std::string& name, ASURA_REF DataBuffer* buffer)
+		bool Filesystem::Append(const std::string& name, asura_ref DataBuffer* buffer)
 		{
 			File file(name);
 			file.Open(File::FILE_MODE_APPEND);
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			return true;
 		}
 
-		bool Filesystem::GetFileInfo(const std::string& filepath, ASURA_OUT FileInfo* info)
+		bool Filesystem::GetFileInfo(const std::string& filepath, asura_out FileInfo* info)
 		{
 			if (!mInited)
 				return false;
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_system.h b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_system.h
index 849cbb6..3a33504 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_system.h
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/file_system.h
@@ -59,20 +59,20 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			bool Unmount(const std::string& locpath);
 			bool Unmount(DataBuffer* db);
 
-			bool GetMountPoint(const std::string& locpath, ASURA_OUT std::string& mountpoint);
+			bool GetMountPoint(const std::string& locpath, asura_out std::string& mountpoint);
 
 			void SetWriteDirectory(const std::string locpath);
 			std::string GetWriteDirectory();
 			File* NewFile(const std::string& name);
 			bool NewDirectory(const std::string& path);
-			bool Write(const std::string& path, ASURA_REF DataBuffer* buffer);
-			bool Append(const std::string& path, ASURA_REF DataBuffer* buffer);
+			bool Write(const std::string& path, asura_ref DataBuffer* buffer);
+			bool Append(const std::string& path, asura_ref DataBuffer* buffer);
 			bool Remove(const std::string& path);
 
 			FileData* Read(const std::string& path);
-			bool GetFileInfo(const std::string& path, ASURA_OUT FileInfo* info);
+			bool GetFileInfo(const std::string& path, asura_out FileInfo* info);
 
-			bool GetDirectoryItems(const std::string& path, ASURA_OUT std::vector<std::string>& items) { return false; };
+			bool GetDirectoryItems(const std::string& path, asura_out std::vector<std::string>& items) { return false; };
 
 		private:
 
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/io_task.h b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/io_task.h
index 8f04142..09c8798 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/io_task.h
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/io_task.h
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			std::string mPath;
 			IOTaskType  mType;
 
-			ASURA_REF DataBuffer* mBuffer;
+			asura_ref DataBuffer* mBuffer;
 			Luax::LuaxMemberRef   mBufferRef;
 
 		};
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/renewable.h b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/renewable.h
index 282106d..a624c2c 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/io/renewable.h
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/io/renewable.h
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 			 virtual ~Renewable() {};
 
 			///
-			/// 继承Renewable的需要提供一个Refresh方法
+			/// 继承Renewable的需要提供一个Renew方法
 			/// 
-			/// 依据Effective C++条款09.应该禁止在构造函数中调用virtual方法，所以这里的Refresh
-			/// 被从构造函数中抽离，需要手动调用Refresh。
+			/// 依据Effective C++条款09.应该禁止在构造函数中调用virtual方法，所以这里的Renew
+			/// 被从构造函数中抽离，需要手动调用Renew。
 			///
-			virtual bool Refresh(AEIO::DecodedData* decode_data) = 0;
+			virtual bool Renew(AEIO::DecodedData* decode_data) = 0;
 
 		};
 
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/math/matrix44.cpp b/source/modules/asura-utils/math/matrix44.cpp
index e69de29..10c9ece 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/math/matrix44.cpp
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/math/matrix44.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+#include "matrix44.h"
+
+#include <cstring> // memcpy
+#include <cmath>
+
+namespace AsuraEngine
+{
+	namespace Math
+	{
+
+		const Matrix44 Matrix44::Identity;
+
+		// | e0 e4 e8  e12 |
+		// | e1 e5 e9  e13 |
+		// | e2 e6 e10 e14 |
+		// | e3 e7 e11 e15 |
+
+		Matrix44::Matrix44()
+		{
+			SetIdentity();
+		}
+
+		Matrix44::Matrix44(const Matrix44& m)
+		{
+			memcpy(&e, &m.e, 16 * sizeof(float));
+		}
+
+		Matrix44::~Matrix44()
+		{
+		}
+
+		void Matrix44::operator = (const Matrix44& m)
+		{
+			memcpy(&e, &m.e, 16 * sizeof(float));
+		}
+
+		void Matrix44::SetOrtho(float l, float r, float b, float t, float n, float f)
+		{
+			SetIdentity();
+			float w = r - l;
+			float h = t - b;
+			float z = f - n;
+			e[0] = 2 / w;
+			e[5] = 2 / h;
+			e[10] = -2 / z;
+			e[12] = -(r + l) / w;
+			e[13] = -(t + b) / h;
+			e[14] = -(f + n) / z;
+			e[15] = 1;
+		}
+
+		//                 | e0 e4 e8  e12 |
+		//                 | e1 e5 e9  e13 |
+		//                 | e2 e6 e10 e14 |
+		//                 | e3 e7 e11 e15 |
+		// | e0 e4 e8  e12 |
+		// | e1 e5 e9  e13 |
+		// | e2 e6 e10 e14 |
+		// | e3 e7 e11 e15 |
+
+		Matrix44 Matrix44::operator * (const Matrix44 & m) const
+		{
+			Matrix44 t;
+
+			t.e[0] = (e[0] * m.e[0]) + (e[4] * m.e[1]) + (e[8] * m.e[2]) + (e[12] * m.e[3]);
+			t.e[4] = (e[0] * m.e[4]) + (e[4] * m.e[5]) + (e[8] * m.e[6]) + (e[12] * m.e[7]);
+			t.e[8] = (e[0] * m.e[8]) + (e[4] * m.e[9]) + (e[8] * m.e[10]) + (e[12] * m.e[11]);
+			t.e[12] = (e[0] * m.e[12]) + (e[4] * m.e[13]) + (e[8] * m.e[14]) + (e[12] * m.e[15]);
+
+			t.e[1] = (e[1] * m.e[0]) + (e[5] * m.e[1]) + (e[9] * m.e[2]) + (e[13] * m.e[3]);
+			t.e[5] = (e[1] * m.e[4]) + (e[5] * m.e[5]) + (e[9] * m.e[6]) + (e[13] * m.e[7]);
+			t.e[9] = (e[1] * m.e[8]) + (e[5] * m.e[9]) + (e[9] * m.e[10]) + (e[13] * m.e[11]);
+			t.e[13] = (e[1] * m.e[12]) + (e[5] * m.e[13]) + (e[9] * m.e[14]) + (e[13] * m.e[15]);
+
+			t.e[2] = (e[2] * m.e[0]) + (e[6] * m.e[1]) + (e[10] * m.e[2]) + (e[14] * m.e[3]);
+			t.e[6] = (e[2] * m.e[4]) + (e[6] * m.e[5]) + (e[10] * m.e[6]) + (e[14] * m.e[7]);
+			t.e[10] = (e[2] * m.e[8]) + (e[6] * m.e[9]) + (e[10] * m.e[10]) + (e[14] * m.e[11]);
+			t.e[14] = (e[2] * m.e[12]) + (e[6] * m.e[13]) + (e[10] * m.e[14]) + (e[14] * m.e[15]);
+
+			t.e[3] = (e[3] * m.e[0]) + (e[7] * m.e[1]) + (e[11] * m.e[2]) + (e[15] * m.e[3]);
+			t.e[7] = (e[3] * m.e[4]) + (e[7] * m.e[5]) + (e[11] * m.e[6]) + (e[15] * m.e[7]);
+			t.e[11] = (e[3] * m.e[8]) + (e[7] * m.e[9]) + (e[11] * m.e[10]) + (e[15] * m.e[11]);
+			t.e[15] = (e[3] * m.e[12]) + (e[7] * m.e[13]) + (e[11] * m.e[14]) + (e[15] * m.e[15]);
+
+			return t;
+		}
+
+		void Matrix44::operator *= (const Matrix44 & m)
+		{
+			Matrix44 t = (*this) * m;
+			memcpy((void*)this->e, (void*)t.e, sizeof(float) * 16);
+		}
+
+		const float * Matrix44::GetElements() const
+		{
+			return e;
+		}
+
+		void Matrix44::SetIdentity()
+		{
+			memset(e, 0, sizeof(float) * 16);
+			e[0] = e[5] = e[10] = e[15] = 1;
+		}
+
+		void Matrix44::SetTranslation(float x, float y)
+		{
+			SetIdentity();
+			e[12] = x;
+			e[13] = y;
+		}
+
+		void Matrix44::SetRotation(float rad)
+		{
+			SetIdentity();
+			float c = cos(rad), s = sin(rad);
+			e[0] = c; e[4] = -s;
+			e[1] = s; e[5] = c;
+		}
+
+		void Matrix44::SetScale(float sx, float sy)
+		{
+			SetIdentity();
+			e[0] = sx;
+			e[5] = sy;
+		}
+
+		void Matrix44::SetShear(float kx, float ky)
+		{
+			SetIdentity();
+			e[1] = ky;
+			e[4] = kx;
+		}
+
+		void Matrix44::SetTransformation(float x, float y, float angle, float sx, float sy, float ox, float oy)
+		{
+			memset(e, 0, sizeof(float) * 16); // zero out matrix
+			float c = cos(angle), s = sin(angle);
+			// matrix multiplication carried out on paper:
+			// |1     x| |c -s    | |sx       | |1     -ox|
+			// |  1   y| |s  c    | |   sy    | |  1   -oy|
+			// |    1  | |     1  | |      1  | |    1    |
+			// |      1| |       1| |        1| |       1 |
+			//   move      rotate      scale      origin
+			e[10] = e[15] = 1.0f;
+			e[0] = c * sx; // = a
+			e[1] = s * sx; // = b
+			e[4] = -s * sy; // = c
+			e[5] = c * sy; // = d
+			e[12] = x - ox * e[0] - oy * e[4];
+			e[13] = y - ox * e[1] - oy * e[5];
+		}
+
+		void Matrix44::Translate(float x, float y)
+		{
+			Matrix44 t;
+			t.SetTranslation(x, y);
+			this->operator *=(t);
+		}
+
+		void Matrix44::Rotate(float rad)
+		{
+			Matrix44 t;
+			t.SetRotation(rad);
+			this->operator *=(t);
+		}
+
+		void Matrix44::Scale(float sx, float sy)
+		{
+			Matrix44 t;
+			t.SetScale(sx, sy);
+			this->operator *=(t);
+		}
+
+		void Matrix44::Shear(float kx, float ky)
+		{
+			Matrix44 t;
+			t.SetShear(kx, ky);
+			this->operator *=(t);
+		}
+
+		//                 | x |
+		//                 | y |
+		//                 | 0 |
+		//                 | 1 |
+		// | e0 e4 e8  e12 |
+		// | e1 e5 e9  e13 |
+		// | e2 e6 e10 e14 |
+		// | e3 e7 e11 e15 |
+
+		//void Matrix44::transform(Graphics::Vertex* dst, const Graphics::Vertex* src, int size) const
+		//{
+		//	for (int i = 0; i<size; ++i)
+		//	{
+		//		// Store in temp variables in case src = dst
+		//		float x = (e[0] * src[i].xy.x()) + (e[4] * src[i].xy.y()) + (0) + (e[12]);
+		//		float y = (e[1] * src[i].xy.x()) + (e[5] * src[i].xy.y()) + (0) + (e[13]);
+
+		//		dst[i].xy.Set(x, y);
+		//	}
+		//}
+
+	} // namespace Math
+} // namespace JinEngine
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/math/matrix44.h b/source/modules/asura-utils/math/matrix44.h
index 4ab3c0b..c0cea92 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/math/matrix44.h
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/math/matrix44.h
@@ -1,24 +1,160 @@
-#ifndef __ASURA_ENGINE_MATRIX44_H__
-#define __ASURA_ENGINE_MATRIX44_H__
+#ifndef __ASURA_MATRIX_H__
+#define __ASURA_MATRIX_H__
 
 namespace AsuraEngine
 {
 	namespace Math
 	{
 
+		/// 
+		/// 不需要转置的OpenGL矩阵，类似glm::mat4。
+		/// https://blog.csdn.net/candycat1992/article/details/8830894
 		///
-		/// 4x4矩阵
-		///
+
 		class Matrix44
 		{
 		public:
 
+			static const Matrix44 Identity;
+
+			/// 
+			/// Creates a new identity matrix.
+			/// 
+			Matrix44();
+
+			///
+			/// Copy constructor.
+			///
+			Matrix44(const Matrix44& m);
+
+			///
+			/// Destructor.
+			///
+			~Matrix44();
+
+			void operator = (const Matrix44& m);
+
+			void SetOrtho(float _left, float _right, float _bottom, float _top, float _near, float _far);
+
+			/// 
+			/// Multiplies this Matrix44 with another Matrix44, changing neither.
+			/// @param m The Matrix44 to multiply with this Matrix44.
+			/// @return The combined matrix.
+			/// 
+			Matrix44 operator * (const Matrix44 & m) const;
+
+			/// 
+			/// Multiplies a Matrix44 into this Matrix44.
+			/// @param m The Matrix44 to combine into this Matrix44.
+			/// 
+			void operator *= (const Matrix44 & m);
+
+			/// 
+			/// Gets a pointer to the 16 array elements.
+			/// @return The array elements.
+			/// 
+			const float* GetElements() const;
+
+			/// 
+			/// ReSets this Matrix44 to the identity matrix.
+			/// 
+			void SetIdentity();
+
+			/// 
+			/// ReSets this Matrix44 to a translation.
+			/// @param x Translation along x-axis.
+			/// @param y Translation along y-axis.
+			/// 
+			void SetTranslation(float x, float y);
+
+			/// 
+			/// ReSets this Matrix44 to a rotation.
+			/// @param r The angle in radians.
+			/// 
+			void SetRotation(float r);
+
+			/// 
+			/// ReSets this Matrix44 to a scale transformation.
+			/// @param sx Scale factor along the x-axis.
+			/// @param sy Scale factor along the y-axis.
+			/// 
+			void SetScale(float sx, float sy);
+
+			/// 
+			/// ReSets this Matrix44 to a shear transformation.
+			/// @param kx Shear along x-axis.
+			/// @param ky Shear along y-axis.
+			/// 
+			void SetShear(float kx, float ky);
+
+			/// 
+			/// Creates a transformation with a certain position, orientation, scale
+			/// and offSet. Perfect for Drawables -- what a coincidence!
+			///
+			/// @param x The translation along the x-axis.
+			/// @param y The translation along the y-axis.
+			/// @param angle The rotation (rad) around the center with offSet (ox,oy).
+			/// @param sx Scale along x-axis.
+			/// @param sy Scale along y-axis.
+			/// @param ox The offSet for rotation along the x-axis.
+			/// @param oy The offSet for rotation along the y-axis.
+			/// @param kx Shear along x-axis
+			/// @param ky Shear along y-axis
+			/// 
+			void SetTransformation(float x, float y, float angle, float sx, float sy, float ox, float oy);
+
+			/// 
+			/// Multiplies this Matrix44 with a translation.
+			/// @param x Translation along x-axis.
+			/// @param y Translation along y-axis.
+			/// 
+			void Translate(float x, float y);
+
+			/// 
+			/// Multiplies this Matrix44 with a rotation.
+			/// @param r Angle in radians.
+			/// 
+			void Rotate(float r);
+
+			/// 
+			/// Multiplies this Matrix44 with a scale transformation.
+			/// @param sx Scale factor along the x-axis.
+			/// @param sy Scale factor along the y-axis.
+			/// 
+			void Scale(float sx, float sy);
+
+			/// 
+			/// Multiplies this Matrix44 with a shear transformation.
+			/// @param kx Shear along the x-axis.
+			/// @param ky Shear along the y-axis.
+			/// 
+			void Shear(float kx, float ky);
+
+			///// 
+			///// Transforms an array of vertices by this Matrix44. The sources and
+			///// destination arrays may be the same.
+			/////
+			///// @param dst Storage for the transformed vertices.
+			///// @param src The source vertices.
+			///// @param size The number of vertices.
+			///// 
+			//void transform(Graphics::Vertex* dst, const Graphics::Vertex * src, int size) const;
+
 		private:
-			
+
+			/// 
+			/// | e0 e4 e8  e12 |
+			/// | e1 e5 e9  e13 |
+			/// | e2 e6 e10 e14 |
+			/// | e3 e7 e11 e15 |
+			///
+			float e[16];
 
 		};
 
-	}
-}
+	} 
+} 
+
+namespace AEMath = AsuraEngine::Math;
 
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/math/rect.hpp b/source/modules/asura-utils/math/rect.hpp
index 282b606..15981c2 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/math/rect.hpp
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/math/rect.hpp
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 		public:
 			Rect();
 			Rect(T x, T y, T w, T h);
-			~Rect();
+			~Rect() {};
 
 			///
 			/// x,y是否落在rect内。
diff --git a/source/modules/asura-utils/type.h b/source/modules/asura-utils/type.h
index bd09bc4..7f80bfa 100644
--- a/source/modules/asura-utils/type.h
+++ b/source/modules/asura-utils/type.h
@@ -66,11 +66,6 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 	#define ASURA_API ASURA_LIBRARY_EXPORT
 #endif
 
-	///
-	/// 表明输出和引用参数
-	///
-#define ASURA_OUT
-#define ASURA_REF
 	///
 	/// 表明移动指针所有权
 	///
@@ -82,6 +77,14 @@ namespace AsuraEngine
 
 #define ASURA_LITTLE_ENDIAN 1
 
+	//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
+	// 扩展关键字
+
+#define asura_throw(ex) throw(ex) // 暗示抛出异常
+
+#define asura_out
+#define asura_ref
+
 } // namespace AsuraEngine
 
 #endif // __ASURA_CONFIG_H__
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/source/tests/win32/01-window/03_sub_menu.cpp b/source/tests/win32/01-window/03_sub_menu.cpp
index bd3f7b6..58386ac 100644
--- a/source/tests/win32/01-window/03_sub_menu.cpp
+++ b/source/tests/win32/01-window/03_sub_menu.cpp
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ int WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PWSTR lpCmdLin
 }
 HDC hdc;
 HGLRC glc;
+HGLRC glc2;
 static PAINTSTRUCT ps;
 HBRUSH hBrush;
 HBRUSH hOldBrush;
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ HPEN hOldPen;
 PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd;
 int pf;
 File* file;
+File* file2;
 DataBuffer db(102400);
 AEIO::Filesystem* fs;
 ImageData* imgdata = new ImageData();
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg,
 		// 图片测试
 		fs = AEIO::Filesystem::Get();
 		fs->Mount(".", "root");
-		file = new File("root/img.png");
+		file = new File("root/img.jpg");
 		file->Open(File::FILE_MODE_READ);
 		file->ReadAll(&db);
 
@@ -102,7 +104,16 @@ LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg,
 
 		imgdata->Decode(db);
 		img = new Image();
-		img->Refresh(imgdata);
+		img->Renew(imgdata);
+
+		wglMakeCurrent(hdc, glc);
+
+		file2 = new File("root/img.png");
+		file2->Open(File::FILE_MODE_READ);
+		file2->ReadAll(&db);
+		imgdata->Decode(db);
+		img->Renew(imgdata, {50, 100});
+		delete imgdata;
 
 		break;
 
@@ -142,21 +153,19 @@ LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg,
 		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, tex);    //绑定纹理：
 		glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);    //启用2D纹理映射
 
-
 		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP);      //S方向上贴图
 		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP);      //T方向上贴图
 		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);       //放大纹理过滤方式
 		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);       //缩小纹理过滤方式
 
-
 		glBegin(GL_QUADS);
-		glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
-		glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);
-		glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);
-		glVertex3f(0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f);
-		glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
-		glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
 		glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f);
+		glVertex3f(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f);
+		glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
+		glVertex3f(0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f);
+		glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);
+		glVertex3f(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f);
+		glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
 		glVertex3f(-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f);
 		glEnd();
 
-- 
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